Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 4

Systems of Inquiry Essay Example

Frameworks of Inquiry Essay Example Frameworks of Inquiry Essay Frameworks of Inquiry Essay The initial three of these activitiesfixing plans, defining objectives, and structuring actionsare generally called critical thinking; the last, assessing and picking, is normally called dynamic. This arrangement of request ought to be performed adequately (Simon, et al., 1986).The fundamental structure to be utilized is the assurance of the nature of our choices and issue arrangements through the capacities and aptitudes of the human asset in the association and the apparatuses and machines accessible like PCs. Boost of the human asset and the utilization of devices and machine may arrive at amazing degrees of financial profitability. The objectives for this arrangement of request is seeing how human personalities, with and without the assistance of PCs, take care of issues and settle on choices adequately, and improving critical thinking and dynamic capacities. A portion of the information and information that will be increased through this exploration portrays the manners by which individuals in the association really approach settling on choices and taking care of issues, receive better techniques and offer guidance for the improvement of the procedure (A Roundtable Discussion: Knowledge and the New Organization, 2006).Central to the assortment of prescriptive information about dynamic has been the hypothesis of abstract anticipated utility (SEU), a refined scientific model of decision that lies at the establishment of most contemporary financial matters, hypothetical measurements, and t asks look into. abstract expected utility hypothesis characterizes the states of impeccable utility-augmenting soundness in a universe of sureness or in a world where the likelihood dispersions of every single pertinent variable can be given by the chiefs. In soul, it may be contrasted and a hypothesis of perfect gases or of frictionless bodies sliding down slanted planes in a vacuum. emotional expected utility hypothesis manages dynamic; it has nothing to state about how to outline issues, set objectives, or grow new other options (Simon, et al., 1986).Prescriptive speculations of decision, for example, abstract expected utility are supplemented by exact research that shows how individuals really decide (buying protection, deciding in favor of political applicants, or putting resources into protections), and research on the procedures individuals use to take care of issues (planning switchgear or discovering concoction response pathways). This examination shows that individuals take care of issues by specific, heuristic pursuit through enormous issue spaces and huge information bases, utilizing implies closes investigation as a central method for directing the hunt. The master frameworks that are currently being delivered by look into on man-made reasoning and applied to such errands as deciphering oil-well penetrating logs or making clinical analyses are outgrowths of these examination discoveries on human critical thinking (Buchanan and Smith, 1988).What primarily recognizes the experimental research on dynamic and critical thinking from the prescriptive methodologies got from emotional expected utility hypothesis is the consideration that the previous provides for the cutoff points on human sanity. These cutoff points are forced by the intricacy of the world in which we live, the deficiency and insufficiency of human information, the irregularities of individual inclination and conviction, the contentions of signif icant worth among individuals and gatherings of individuals, and the insufficiency of the calculations we can do, even with the guide of the most remarkable PCs. This present reality of human choices is anything but a universe of perfect gases, frictionless planes, or vacuums. To bring it inside the extent of human reasoning forces, we should streamline our concern definitions definitely, in any event, forgetting about much or the vast majority of what is possibly applicable (Simon, et al., 1986).The spellbinding hypothesis of critical thinking and dynamic is halfway worried about how individuals cut issues down to estimate: how they apply rough, heuristic methods to deal with multifaceted nature that can't be taken care of precisely. Out of this elucidating hypothesis is developing an increased and changed prescriptive hypothesis, one that assesses the holes and components of unrealism in SEU hypothesis by incorporating critical thinking just as decision and requesting just the sor ts of information, consistency, and computational force that are achievable in reality (Nicholas, 1998).The developing acknowledgment that adapting to unpredictability is integral to human dynamic firmly impacts the bearings of research in this area. Activities look into and man-made reasoning are manufacturing ground-breaking new computational devices; simultaneously, another assemblage of scientific hypothesis is developing around the subject of computational intricacy. Financial matters, which has generally determined the two its spellbinding and prescriptive methodologies from SEU hypothesis, is currently paying a lot of thoughtfulness regarding vulnerability and fragmented data; to supposed office hypothesis, which assesses the institutional system inside which choices are made; and to game hypothesis, which tries to manage interindividual and intergroup forms in which there is fractional irreconcilable situation. Financial experts and political researchers are likewise progres sively buttressing the observational establishments of their field by contemplating singular decision conduct straightforwardly and by considering conduct in tentatively developed markets and mimicked political structures (Simon, et al., 1986).This framework will be received since in this framework all the options among which decision could be caused will to be known, and that the outcomes of picking every option could be found out. It is accepted that an abstract or target likelihood dispersion of results was related with every other option. It will utilize the emotional anticipated utility hypothesis. By conceding abstractly alloted probabilities, emotional expected utility hypothesis opened the best approach to intertwining abstract conclusions with target information, a methodology that can likewise be utilized in man-machine dynamic frameworks. In the probabilistic rendition of the hypothesis, Bayess rule endorses how individuals should assess new data and how they ought to rea ct to deficient information.Through this sytem, solid derivations can be made. Despite the fact that the suppositions can't be fulfilled even remotely for most complex circumstances in reality, they might be fulfilled roughly in some microcosmsproblem circumstances that can be detached from the universes multifaceted nature and managed freely. For instance, the director of a business steers taking care of activity may confine the issue of finding the most economical blend of feeds accessible in the market that would meet all the wholesome necessities of his steers. The computational apparatus of direct programming, which is a ground-breaking technique for boosting objective accomplishment or limiting expenses while fulfilling a wide range of side conditions (for this situation, the wholesome prerequisites), can furnish the chief with an ideal feed mixoptimal inside the restrictions of guess of his model to true conditions. Straight programming and related tasks examine procedures ca n be utilized to settle on choices at whatever point a circumstance that sensibly accommodates their presumptions can be cut out of its mind boggling encompass. These procedures have been particularly important guides to center administration in managing moderately very much organized choice issues (Simon, et al., 1986).Other apparatuses of present day tasks inquire about that can be utilized adide from direct writing computer programs, are number programming, lining hypothesis, choice trees, and other generally utilized strategies. They expect that what is wanted is to boost the accomplishment of some objective, under indicated limitations and accepting that all other options and outcomes or their likelihood circulations are known. These instruments have demonstrated their helpfulness in a wide assortment of uses (Simon, et al., 1986).Decision-production and human critical thinking is normally concentrated in research center settings, utilizing issues that can be comprehended in mo derately brief timeframes rare over 60 minutes, and regularly looking for a most extreme thickness of information about the arrangement procedure by requesting that subjects verbally process while they work. The reasoning so anyone might hear method can be utilized constantly to get information about subjects practices in a wide scope of settings. The research facility investigation of dynamic and critical thinking has been enhanced by field investigations of experts taking care of true issues. Right now, verifiable records, including research center scratch pad of researchers, are likewise being utilized to contemplate dynamic and critical thinking forms in logical disclosure (Simon, et al., 1986).These frameworks can be utilized by the understudies or the executives individuals in the organization. They may examine respondents regarding explicit circumstances, as opposed to requesting speculations. They ones directing this framework should be touchy to the reliance of answers on t he specific types of the inquiries. They ought to know that conduct in an exploratory circumstance might be not quite the same as conduct, in actuality. They may likewise endeavor to give test settings and inspirations that are as sensible as could be expected under the circumstances. Utilizing verbally processing conventions and different methodologies, they can attempt to follow the decision conduct bit by bit, rather than depending just on data about results or questioning respondents reflectively about their decision forms (Hofer, 2004).The code will be executed through finding the hidden bases of human decision conduct. In spite of the fact that not in every case simple, attempt to give veridical records of how chiefs make up their brains, particularly when there is vulnerability. By and large, anticipate how they will carry on however the reasons individuals give for their decisions can frequently be demonstrated to be justifications and not firmly identified with their genuin e intentions (Simon, et al., 1986).Possible response that will be created from the code from emp

2015 Eisner Nominations Are Out!

2015 Eisner Nominations Are Out! The nominations for the 2015 Eisner Awards are out! The nominees: Best Short Story “Beginning’s End,” by Rina Ayuyang, muthamagazine.com “Corpse on the Imjin!” by Peter Kuper, in Masterful Marks: Cartoonists Who Changed the World (Simon Schuster) “Rule Number One,” by Lee Bermejo, in Batman Black and White #3 (DC) “The Sound of One Hand Clapping,” by Max Landis Jock, in Adventures of Superman #14 (DC) “When the Darkness Presses,” by Emily Carroll,  http://emcarroll.com/comics/darkness/ Best Single Issue (or One-Shot) Astro City #16: “Wish I May” by Kurt Busiek Brent Anderson (Vertigo/DC) Beasts of Burden: Hunters and Gatherers, by Evan Dorkin Jill Thompson (Dark Horse) Madman in Your Face 3D Special, by Mike Allred (Image) Marvel 75th Anniversary Celebration #1 (Marvel) The Multiversity: Pax Americana #1, by Grant Morrison Frank Quitely (DC) Best Continuing Series Astro City, by Kurt Busiek Brent Anderson (Vertigo) Bandette, by Paul Tobin Colleen Coover (Monkeybrain) Hawkeye, by Matt Fraction David Aja (Marvel) Saga, by Brian K. Vaughan Fiona Staples (Image) Southern Bastards, by Jason Aaron Jason Latour (Image) The Walking Dead, by Robert Kirkman, Charlie Adlard, Stefano Gaudiano (Image/Skybound) Best Limited Series Daredevil: Road Warrior, by Mark Waid Peter Krause (Marvel Infinite Comics) Little Nemo: Return to Slumberland, by Eric Shanower Garbriel Rodriguez (IDW) The Multiversity, by Grant Morrison et al. (DC) The Private Eye, by Brian K. Vaughan Marcos Martin (Panel Syndicate) The Sandman: Overture, by Neil Gaiman J. H. Williams III (Vertigo/DC) Best New Series The Fade Out, by Ed Brubaker Sean Phillips (Image) Lumberjanes, by Shannon Watters, Grace Ellis, Noelle Stevenson, Brooke A. Allen (BOOM! Box) Ms. Marvel, by G. Willow Wilson Adrian Alphona (Marvel) Rocket Raccoon, by Skottie Young (Marvel) The Wicked + The Divine, by Kieron Gillen Jamie McKelvie (Image) Best Publication for Early Readers (up to age 7) BirdCatDog, by Lee Nordling Meritxell Bosch (Lerner/Graphic Universe) A Cat Named Tim And Other Stories, by John Martz (Koyama Press) Hello Kitty, Hello 40: A Celebration in 40 Stories, edited by Traci N. Todd Elizabeth Kawasaki (VIZ) Mermin, Book 3: Deep Dives, by Joey Weiser (Oni) The Zoo Box, by Ariel Cohn Aron Nels Steinke (First Second) Best Publication for Kids (ages 8-12) Batman Li’l Gotham, vol. 2, by Derek Fridolfs Dustin Nguyen (DC) El Deafo, by Cece Bell (Amulet/Abrams) I Was the Cat, by Paul Tobin Benjamin Dewey (Oni) Little Nemo: Return to Slumberland, by Eric Shanower Gabriel Rodriguez (IDW) Tiny Titans: Return to the Treehouse, by Art Baltazar Franco (DC) Best Publication for Teens (ages 13-17) Doomboy, by Tony Sandoval (Magnetic Press) The Dumbest Idea Ever, by Jimmy Gownley (Graphix/Scholastic) Lumberjanes, by Shannon Watters, Grace Ellis, Noelle Stevenson, Brooke A. Allen (BOOM! Box) Meteor Men, by Jeff Parker Sandy Jarrell (Oni) The Shadow Hero, by Gene Luen Yang Sonny Liew (First Second) The Wrenchies, by Farel Dalrymple (First Second) Best Humor Publication The Complete Cul de Sac, by Richard Thompson (Andrews McMeel) Dog Butts and Love. And Stuff Like That. And Cats. by Jim Benton (NBM) Groo vs. Conan, by Sergio Aragonés, Mark Evanier, Tom Yeates (Dark Horse) Rocket Raccoon, by Skottie Young (Marvel) Superior Foes of Spider-Man, by Nick Spencer Steve Lieber (Marvel) Best Digital/Web Comic Bandette, by Paul Tobin Colleen Coover Failing Sky by Dax Tran-Caffee The Last Mechanical Monster, by Brian Fies Nimona, by Noelle Stephenson The Private Eye by Brian Vaughan Marcos Martin Best Anthology In the Dark: A Horror Anthology, edited by Rachel Deering (Tiny Behemoth Press/IDW) Little Nemo: Dream Another Dream, edited by Josh O’Neill, Andrew Carl, Chris Stevens (Locust Moon) Massive: Gay Erotic Manga and the Men Who Make It, edited by Ann Ishii, Chip Kidd, Graham Kolbeins (Fantagraphics) Masterful Marks: Cartoonists Who Changed the World, edited by Monte Beauchamp (Simon Schuster) To End All Wars: The Graphic Anthology of The First World War, edited by Jonathan Clode John Stuart Clark (Soaring Penguin) Best Reality-Based Work Can’t We Talk About Something More Pleasant? by Roz Chast (Bloomsbury) Dragon’s Breath and Other True Stories, by MariNaomi (2d Cloud/Uncivilized Books) El Deafo, by Cece Bell (Amulet/Abrams) Hip Hop Family Tree, vol. 2, by Ed Piskor (Fantagraphics) Nathan Hale’s Hazardous Tales: Treaties, Trenches, Mud, and Blood, by Nathan Hale (Abrams) To End All Wars: The Graphic Anthology of The First World War, edited by Jonathan Clode John Stuart Clark (Soaring Penguin) Best Graphic Albumâ€"New The Gigantic Beard That Was Evil, by Stephen Collins (Picador) Here, by Richard McGuire (Pantheon) Kill My Mother, by Jules Feiffer (Liveright) The Motherless Oven, by Rob Davis (SelfMadeHero) Seconds, by Bryan Lee O’Malley (Ballantine Books) This One Summer, by Mariko Tamaki Jillian Tamaki (First Second) Best Graphic Albumâ€"Reprint Dave Dorman’s Wasted Lands Omnibus (Magnetic Press) How to Be Happy, by Eleanor Davis (Fantagraphics) Jim, by Jim Woodring (Fantagraphics) Sock Monkey Treasury, by Tony Millionaire (Fantagraphics) Through the Woods, by Emily Carroll (McElderry Books) Best Archival Collection/Projectâ€"Strips (at least 20 years old) Winsor McCay’s Complete Little Nemo, edited by Alexander Braun (TASCHEN) Edgar Rice Burroughs’s Tarzan: The Sunday Comics, 1933â€"1935, by Hal Foster, edited by Brendan Wright (Dark Horse) Moomin: The Deluxe Anniversary Edition, by Tove Jansson, edited by Tom Devlin (Drawn Quarterly) Pogo, vol. 3: Evidence to the Contrary, by Walt Kelly, edited by Carolyn Kelly Eric Reynolds (Fantagraphics) Walt Disney’s Mickey Mouse, vols. 5-6, by Floyd Gottfredson, edited by David Gerstein Gary Groth (Fantagraphics) Best Archival Collection/Projectâ€"Comic Books (at least 20 Years Old) The Complete ZAP Comix Box Set, edited by Gary Groth, with Mike Catron (Fantagraphics) Steranko Nick Fury Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. Artist’s Edition, edited by Scott Dunbier (IDW) Walt Disney’s Donald Duck: Trail of the Unicorn, by Carl Barks, edited by Gary Groth (Fantagraphics) Walt Disney’s Uncle Scrooge and Donald Duck: The Son of the Son, by Don Rosa, edited by David Gerstein (Fantagraphics) Walt Kelly’s Pogo: The Complete Dell Comics, vols. 1â€"2, edited by Daniel Herman (Hermes) Witzend, by Wallace Wood et al., edited by Gary Groth, with Mike Catron (Fantagraphics) Best U.S. Edition of International Material Beautiful Darkness, by Fabien Vehlmann Kerascoët (Drawn Quarterly) Blacksad: Amarillo, by Juan Díaz Canales Juanjo Guarnido (Dark Horse) Corto Maltese: Under the Sign of Capricorn, by Hugo Pratt (IDW/Euro Comics) Jaybird, by Lauri Jaakko Ahonen (Dark Horse/SAF) The Leaning Girl, by Benoît Peeters François Schuiten (Alaxis Press) Best U.S. Edition of International Materialâ€"Asia All You Need Is Kill, by Hiroshi Sakurazaka, Ryosuke Takeuchi, Takeshi Obata yoshitoshi ABe (VIZ) In Clothes Called Fat, by Moyoco Anno (Vertical) Master Keaton, vol 1, by Naoki Urasawa, Hokusei Katsushika, Takashi Nagasaki (VIZ) One-Punch Man, by One Yusuke Murata (VIZ) Showa 1939â€"1955 and Showa 1944â€"1953: A History of Japan, by Shigeru Mizuki (Drawn Quarterly) Wolf Children: Ame Yuki, by Mamoru Hosada Yu (Yen Press) Best Writer Jason Aaron, Original Sin, Thor, Men of Wrath (Marvel); Southern Bastards (Image) Kelly Sue DeConnick, Captain Marvel (Marvel); Pretty Deadly (Image) Grant Morrison, The Multiversity (DC); Annihilator (Legendary Comics) Brian K. Vaughan, Saga (Image); Private Eye (Panel Syndicate) G. Willow Wilson, Ms. Marvel (Marvel) Gene Luen Yang, Avatar: The Last Airbender (Dark Horse); The Shadow Hero (First Second) Best Writer/Artist Sergio Aragonés, Sergio Aragonés Funnies (Bongo); Groo vs. Conan (Dark Horse) Charles Burns, Sugar Skull (Pantheon) Stephen Collins, The Giant Beard That Was Evil (Picador) Richard McGuire, Here (Pantheon) Stan Sakai, Usagi Yojimbo: Senso, Usagi Yojimbo Color Special: The Artist (Dark Horse) Raina Telgemeier, Sisters (Graphix/Scholastic) Best Penciller/Inker Adrian Alphona, Ms. Marvel (Marvel) Mike Allred, Silver Surfer (Marvel); Madman in Your Face 3D Special (Image) Frank Quitely, Multiversity (DC) François Schuiten, The Leaning Girl (Alaxis Press) Fiona Staples, Saga (Image) Babs Tarr, Batgirl (DC) Best Painter/Multimedia Artist (interior art) Lauri Jaakko Ahonen, Jaybird (Dark Horse) Colleen Coover, Bandette (Monkeybrain) Mike Del Mundo, Elektra (Marvel) Juanjo Guarnido, Blacksad: Amarillo (Dark Horse) J. H. Williams III, The Sandman: Overture (Vertigo/DC) Best Cover Artist Darwyn Cooke, DC Comics Darwyn Cooke Month Variant Covers (DC) Mike Del Mundo, Elektra, X-Men: Legacy, A+X, Dexter, Dexter Down Under (Marvel) Francesco Francavilla, Afterlife with Archie (Archie); Grindhouse: Doors Open at Midnight (Dark Horse); The Twilight Zone, Django/Zorro (Dynamite); X-Files (IDW) Jamie McKelvie/Matthew Wilson, The Wicked + The Divine (Image); Ms. Marvel (Marvel) Phil Noto, Black Widow (Marvel) Alex Ross, Astro City (Vertigo/DC); Batman 66: The Lost Episode, Batman 66 Meets Green Hornet (DC/Dynamite) Best Coloring Laura Allred, Silver Surfer (Marvel); Madman in Your Face 3D Special (Image) Nelson Daniel, Little Nemo: Return to Slumberland, Judge Dredd, Wild Blue Yonder (IDW) Lovern Kindzierski, The Graveyard Book, vols. 1-2 (Harper) Matthew Petz, The Leg (Top Shelf) Dave Stewart, Hellboy in Hell, BPRD, Abe Sapien, Baltimore, Lobster Johnson, Witchfinder, Shaolin Cowboy, Aliens: Fire and Stone, DHP (Dark Horse) Matthew Wilson, Adventures of Superman (DC); The Wicked + The Divine (Image), Daredevil, Thor (Marvel) Best Lettering Joe Caramagna, Ms. Marvel, Daredevil (Marvel) Todd Klein, Fables, The Sandman: Overture, The Unwritten (Vertigo/DC); Nemo: The Roses of Berlin (Top Shelf) Max, Vapor (Fantagraphics) Jack Morelli, Afterlife with Archie, Archie, Betty and Veronica, etc. (Archie) Stan Sakai, Usagi Yojimbo: Senso, Usagi Yojimbo Color Special: The Artist (Dark Horse) Best Comics-Related Periodical/Journalism Alter Ego, edited by Roy Thomas (TwoMorrows) Comic Book Creator, edited by Jon B. Cooke (TwoMorrows) Comic Book Resources, edited by Jonah Weiland Comics Alliance, edited by Andy Khouri, Caleb Goellner, Andrew Wheeler, Joe Hughes tcj.com,  edited by Dan Nadel Timothy Hodler (Fantagraphics) Best Comics-Related Book Comics Through Time: A History of Icons, Idols, and Ideas (4 vols.), edited by M. Keith Booker (ABC-CLIO) Creeping Death from Neptune: The Life and Comics of Basil Wolverton, by Greg Sadowski (Fantagraphics) Genius Animated: The Cartoon Art of Alex Toth, vol. 3, by Dean Mullaney Bruce Canwell (IDW/LOAC) What Fools These Mortals Be: The Story of Puck, by Michael Alexander Kahn Richard Samuel West (IDW/LOAC) 75 Years of Marvel Comics: From the Golden Age to the Silver Screen, by Roy Thomas Josh Baker (TASCHEN) Best Scholarly/Academic Work American Comics, Literary Theory, and Religion: The Superhero Afterlife, by A. David Lewis (Palgrave Macmillan) Considering Watchmen: Poetics, Property, Politics, by Andrew Hoberek (Rutgers University Press) Funnybooks: The Improbable Glories of the Best American Comic Books, by Michael Barrier (University of California Press) Graphic Details: Jewish Women’s Confessional Comics in Essays and Interviews, edited by Sarah Lightman (McFarland) The Origins of Comics: From William Hogarth to Winsor McCay, by Thierry Smolderen, tr. by Bart Beaty Nick Nguyen (University Press of Mississippi) Wide Awake in Slumberland: Fantasy, Mass Culture, and Modernism in the Art of Winsor McCay, by Katherine Roeder (University Press of Mississippi) Best Publication Design Batman: Kelley Jones Gallery Edition, designed by Josh Beatman/Brainchild Studios (Graphitti/DC) The Complete ZAP Comix Box Set, designed by Tony Ong (Fantagraphics) Little Nemo: Dream Another Dream, designed by Jim Rugg (Locust Moon) Street View, designed by Pascal Rabate (NBM/Comics Lit) Winsor McCay’s Complete Little Nemo, designed by Anna Tina Kessler (TASCHEN) Sign up to The Stack to receive  Book Riot Comic's best posts, picked for you. 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Jazz and World War Ii Reciprocal Effects and...

Jazz and World War II: Reciprocal Effects and Relationships Both Jazz music and World War II had a significant impact on each other. Jazz music boosted the morale of soldiers fighting abroad and also lifted the spirits of their loved ones back at home. Many jazz musicians were soldiers, and several others traveled overseas or across the country to entertain U.S. troops. Among these performers were Bing Crosby, Artie Shaw, and Benny Carter. Jazz music was not only evident in American culture, but also in European countries, particularly in Nazi-occupied areas where it was a sign of rebellion. I want to further explore how the war affected the accessibility of jazz during the time, as well as how the war helped shape the musical direction†¦show more content†¦Rebellious German teens would listen to allied music stations in private, with disregard to the wishes of the empire. The popularity of jazz was seen as a tribute all of those who suffered from Hitler’s ban on Jazz in Germany. Many music halls and bars were shut down, and m uch anti-jazz propaganda was spread throughout occupied Europe. It can be argued that jazz acted as a resistance to the Nazi and their ideals in Germany; jazz was an export to American Culture, at a time when occupied Europe was ready to accept and embrace new cultures. On the home front, World War II had an incredible effect on the American jazz scene. One of the biggest setbacks fro jazz was the increasing difficulty with travel during the war. Musicians struggled to travel around the country to perform, as the rationing of rubber and gasoline limited the mobility of many swing bands. In addition, there were fewer buses and trains available for bands, as the majority were often occupied with servicemen on War business. Between the Great Depression and World War II, America needed money, and the multimillion dollar business of ballroom dancing and big bands was targeted with an incredibly-high 30% Cabaret Tax. 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Social Anxiety Throughout Ages. - 1918 Words

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Social anxiety disorder is the third largest psychological problem most people suffer with today. Throughout the years, researchers have shown how social anxiety disorder has affected over 7-8% of the population over time. Individuals who suffer from social anxiety have an intense fear of being involved in a social interaction among people. The individual can eitherRead MoreEmotional And Social Performance Of Children With Anxiety Disorders999 Words   |  4 PagesChildren with anxiety disorders struggle with tasks on a day to day basis that children without anxiety disorders do not even consider thinking about. Marni L. Jacob, Cynthia Suveg, and Monica R. Whitehead put on a study that tests the relationships between emotional and social functioning in children with anxiety disorders. This study is interesting to me personally because I know what it is like to constantly struggle with anxiety. I have generalized anxiety disorder. Due to this, researching aboutRead MoreBeing A Child Self Report Instrument Developed As A Screening Tool For Children957 Words   |  4 Pagesand deciding the empirical article named ‘Psychometric Properties of the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED): A Replication Study’ researched by Boris Birmaher in 1999 was a topic I wanted to further explore. SCARED is a child self-report instrument developed as a screening tool for children who have been diagnosed with anxiety disorders. Birmaher was aware that children who have anxiety disorders are often misdiagnosed due to the comorbidity of other psychiatric disordersRead MoreSocial Anxiety Disorder And The Speech Of The Individual ( Asha )1527 Words   |  7 Pages2010). Social Anxiety Disorder is the most common psychological impact in people who stutter. Social anxiety disorder or social phobia is a disorder where a person feels anxiety related to social interactions. (Blumgart, Tran, Craig, 2010). Approximately 50% of people who stutter or more are known to have social anxiety disorder (Stein et al 1996). Social anxiety and phobia negatively impacts occupation, social situations, and mental health (Blumgart, Tran, Craig, 2010). People with social anxietyRead MoreLiterature Review : Social Anxiety Disorder1633 Words   |  7 PagesUNIVERSITY MELBOURNE Literature Review Social Anxiety Disorder in Adolescent Unit Title: Research Methods in Counselling Unit Code: APT 6006 Unit Teacher: Renzo Vittorino Student Name: Mirza Khushnood Ayub Student ID: s4530334 05/10/2015 â€Æ' This literature review is conducted to explore the social anxiety disorder, its Etiology, prevalence and finally putting focus on the need of a special treatment for adolescent with social anxiety disorder. Anxiety problems are the most common and widespreadRead MoreAnxiety Disorder And Anxiety Disorders1224 Words   |  5 PagesAnxiety is defined as a persistent fear that occurs in the absence of a threat. Anxiety and fear are typical human reactions that can be exaggerated. When an individual’s anxiety interferes with their everyday life, it is then referred to as an anxiety disorder. There are five classes of anxiety disorder, which include: generalized anxiety disorder, phobic anxiety disorder, panic disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorders, and posttraumatic stress disorder. There is not a specific cause to anxietyRead MoreIs Autism A Developmental Disorder? Essay1619 Words   |  7 Pages Autism Abstract Autism is a developmental disorder in which an individual has problems with communication and interaction. Autism Spectrum Disorder was adopted as a categorization in 2013 and begins in childhood and follows throughout the course of a child’s life and is actually a collection of developmental brain disorders. There is a copious difference between autism and Asperger syndrome, the main difference appearing to be language development. â€Å"The first documented case

Study skills for distance learner Free Essays

This type of education has gained its growing popularity with the developing of Internet, even paving in the different parts of the world, students can simply interact with their teachers and exchange materials over the net. Distance learning has a lot of advantages that make It really a strong and potential competitor against a traditional education. For example, by attending a distance learning course, learners can study at their own place, with their own time and flexible schedules combine different actively simultaneously. We will write a custom essay sample on Study skills for distance learner or any similar topic only for you Order Now It Is also useful for people over 25 who mostly have a full time Job and can study after It. Also It Is a great financial advantage as during stance learning, travel expenses and educational fees are significantly lower. Distance learning is defined as a form of education in which learners and instructors are separated during the majority of the instruction; furthermore, learners have the opportunity to learn whenever a computer is accessible to them Monsoons, 2003; Andre, 2005, Anderson, 2008). Within this new technology era, nothing is possible anymore. Prosthetic (2010) agreed and added that increasing web-based technologies have significantly influenced the dynamics of teaching and learning. The online aroma has lead distance learners and their Instructors Into new possibilities for interaction and Information access Monsoons, 2003; Prosthetic 2010). In many circumstances, respond to distance learning and education programs have been positive, although more research is needed. There are many different techniques that are used in the distance learning. The most popular and efficient are e-mails, forums, faxes, print materials, video recordings, internet radio, telephone, live streaming and many more. Thanks to all these technologies, distance learners can receive the same learning source such as terrestrial, worksheets and writing assignments same as full time students on campus. Definition of study skills Study skills can be defines as a combination skills of ability knowledge and experience that enables a person to do something well (http:. ‘/ skill is vital for distance leaner in order to help them to cope with their studies. Research shows that learning skills influence academic achievement whereby they enhance increasing in academic skills and performance. The significance of learning skills is also shown in the many instruments that have evolved. There are several hypes of study skills. Students will need to improve deferent skills at different times in their career. They will also wish to use different methods according to their particular need and learning style time. What then are the study skills that students need to improve, apart from those taught inside the program? They can be divided into four stages: time management, note taking, information seeking and communication skills. Distance learning program tend to have a looser structure and many students are studying alongside a Job or personal commitments. Working out hen you can study and how to make best use of precious study time is essential if the student is going to succeed. Good organizational skills are also essential to deal with course materials and administrative matters. Knowing how to get advice, are skills worth developing, including when and from whom, as distance learners often have to be their own advocates and need to develop the resourcefulness to do this. Time management Time Management skills are crucial for successful people. These are the useful techniques that have helped the leading people in sport, business and public service each the high points of their careers. Time management is the way you regulate or schedule your time. Learning good time management techniques can motivate you to accomplish your goals. (Rite O’ Donahue, Mill, M. A. (Deed) 2005-2006) National University of Ireland, Galway) by keeping Journal activity for several times helps you to know when you perform at your best and understand how you spend your time. Don’t change your daily routine, note down everything that you always do. Every time you change activities, whether working, making coffee, opening mail, talking with colleagues or whatever, note down any changes. Same goes with recording activities, note your feeling, whether, flat, tired, alert, energetic, etc. Do this regularly throughout the day. Time management has been described using many terms including balance, spontaneous, flexibility, and having control over time (Laurie – Ann M. Hellenizes (2012) What do we know about time management; Lankier 1973). Many people experience time management problems and suffer from time pressure and an increasingly fast pace of life (Hawkins Klaus, 1997; Major, Klein, Rather, 2002; McCullough, 1984; Attachment, Dotterels, Parker, 1996; Heisenberg, Bergsten, Cote, Craver, Heath, 1982). There are several skills in time management, such as planning, proportioning, organizing, and list making and persevering. By having a good time management its helps us to become more productive, stress free and you will be able to create your own free time when you are needed. As a distance learner, time management skills are vital in order for you to cope with your studies. Management effectives in increasing your learning skills. However, individuals who participated in a time management program did perceive more control over their mime after the program. Perceived control over time was related to positive outcomes. Individuals who perceived having more control over their time reported fewer Job induced tensions, fewer stresses, and greater Job satisfaction than individuals who did not perceive themselves as having control over their time. Note making and note taking Note making and note taking is one of the important study skills for distance learners. What to note down and how detailed the notes should be, takes time to develop. It is difficult therefore you need to develop you self with basic skills of note asking and note taking. The ability to take good notes will help you save time and focus on your studies. The difference between note taking and note making is, notes taking is happen when you listen to e-tutorial lecturer, seminar or writing down what other people say by taking important notes from it. In dissimilarity, note making involves a process of personal understanding. You will remember the entire note that you making by your own because you are learning and understand the topic. This may take several time to complete. Yet, it is much more efficient and effective in arms of learning than trying to sort out lecture notes and read text books in great haste before an important test or exam. Note taking its difficult than making note. Some of the approaches from reading note-taking also been apply to listening note- taking. This is because you cannot control the flow of a speech, you cannot expect the tutor to repeat the entire tutorial. You need to prepare yourself before coming to the class, such as do a pre revision or pre read of the topic so that you can easily understand during the lecture. Note making will reinforce your understanding of hat you have read for the course. As such, you are urged to use these skills effectively to prepare yourself for the tutorial class. J Song, M. (2012) agreed that note taking and note making effectives in enhance personal skills especially in learning skills. Information seeking skills As a distance learning student, one of the crucial challenges for us to success in our studies is our information seeking skills. This is because in the current era we are living now, the way people post, store and even seek information make it easier for us to access faster and easier for all sorts of information. Students need to have knowledge on seeking the correct and proper information that related to their studies. On top of that, it is important for students to have a good decision making skills and critical thinking to be successful in the learning process. First of all, students need to identify the various sources available for the information. One of the sources which are superior in quality of results which is from the OPAC or Online Public Access Catalogue which is an electronic or online catalogue for materials available from the library. Another source for distance learners to search the information is from electronic databases such as Emerald, Prosiest, NSP e-Media and BLISS to name a few bibliographic records of books, Journal articles, reports, book famous form of searching information in this information age is the Internet. Web search engine such as Google or Yahoo have developed their own search algorithm that can help students retrieve information, Journals, e-book, articles etc. Easier and faster. Research has shown that distance learners decide on using the Internet resources as their primary source in seeking for the information for their studies. Sati and Appropriator (2008) consider that almost all students use the Internet because it is convenient, easy and quick access. While the web search engine may be the easiest and fastest way to search for information, distance learners must remember that the accuracy and validity of information retrieved on the internet should be concerned. However most distance learners still choose web search engine such as Google to search for their daily information needs. Thompson, A. J. (2007) found that 83 percent of students from her research used web pages as their daily information resources. The tendency of distance learners uses the Internet for information searching because of the time constraint distance learners have. Many distance learners are studying alongside a Job or family commitments. Communication skills Communication is one of the most important aspects in distance learner. Julia Wood defines communication as a â€Å"systemic process in which people interact with and through symbols to create and interpret meanings† (pa topic 4 module English Communication). Communication is effective when the recipient of the message understands its meaning and can express that meaning back to the speaker or the ender of the message. In a meanwhile, an ineffective communication occurs when the meaning is not understood. Good communication is important in helping you to enhance the quality of work, develop a stable relationship and inhibit misunderstandings, and navigate daily deadlines. Good communication skills also give people an edge in getting the Jobs they want and help them move up the ladder to better paid positions. There are three types of communication in the workplace, which are formal communication, informal communication and non-verbal communication. Formal communication is a message or information delivered wrought the organization. Bartok and Martin, define formal communication as â€Å"Formal communication refers to vertical and horizontal communication that flows path specified by the official hierarchical organizational structure and related task (http://thebusinesscommunication. Com). Example, in a workplace where employee getting information or instruction from superior is consider as a formal communication. The formal communication is aimed to complete a tasks to meet the management goals. Informal communication can be defined as informal and spontaneous or also known as a grapevine. Grapevine is an informal network of information among employees. Grapevine can be defined as rumors, even though they are rumors it is also useful to management. This is because through the grapevine, management is capable to deliver information and receive feedback faster without involving too much high cost in achieving it. Informal communication is designed to express the individual desires and interests. People are more relaxed and comfortable when they are in an informal gathering where they sharing or barriers. Example, when you communicate with your lecturer after class, you are ore comfortable because it is more flexible and no formal communication required during that time. Nonverbal communication is a type of communication that does not involve writing, either words or verbal. Nonverbal communication is the best technique to communicate emotions. Nonverbal communication involves many different channels that express meaning beyond what is being said. These include body movements, facial expressions, gestures and even vocal tone and pitch. Much of the nonverbal information we get from people comes from the eyes (Bloomberg Business Library – Survive Office Politics. 006, pop-45. App). Nonverbal communication represents you to other people. Nonverbal communication plays an important role in the workplace, especially when you are dealing with the public. Your body gestures, the way you talk and eyes contact can tell a lot about yourself to the other person whether or not you are care, if you are being honest, and how well you are listening. The public can gain trust, clarity and rapport when the nonverbal signal match up with the words you are saying. Otherwise, when they do not understand the message or the message not received well this can create tension, struts and confusion. Eye contact, by looking a person in the eyes when making conversation is often considered the ultimate form of respect. You also can tell them by looking in the eyes that what they are saying is important and understood. Tone of voice also one of the important element in nonverbal communication skills. Tone of voice provides powerful clues into your true feelings throughout pitch, inflection and volume. For example, tone of voice is a quick sign of sarcasm, confidence, frustration or agreement. Nonverbal communication is not only crucial in workplace but also in our daily routine life especially for distance learner. Whether interviewing for a Job, working with a client, or interacting with your colleague, by being able to understand and use nonverbal signals is a powerful tools in enhance human interactions and working skills. Communication skills whether it’s formal, informal or nonverbal, it is vital for distance learner. This is because it is helping you to understand better about the studies. Effective communication starts with you. It may require some time and effort to get it right, but you will see the benefits in outstanding performance and purport. Conclusion It is proven from the research studied shown that study skills is vital for distance learners. As a distance learner, it is essentially important to plan your study and monitor your progress to make sure that you were on the right track with your studies. There are many information in the student services and website to help you with your learning. This page provides information that distance learning students, in general may find it useful for their studies. It helps them to understand and cope with their studies. How to cite Study skills for distance learner, Papers

The Role of Charity Organizations in Helping the Homeless free essay sample

Homelessness Studies show that homeless people easily spend their money because there is no way for them to save the money. Based on my research, beggars can get $600-$1500 a month. That is a lot of money. Furthermore, six out of ten homeless people have a problem with alcohol and drugs. Being addicted to alcohol means they consume it every day. They buy alcohol every day, which means that they don’t spend their money wisely. So, why do we keep giving them money if they use it for something that only makes their condition worse? In this situation, the best option might be to donate your money through charity organizations to help homeless people. has become a serious problem in our society. In my community, I usually see more than 10 beggars on curbs everyday. Not only are they trying to get money by begging from people but also they are sleeping on the street. We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of Charity Organizations in Helping the Homeless or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page When I see homeless people on the street from my car, I usually give them money in hopes that they can use my money to buy food and drink. After a year has passed, I still see the same people beg on the street, but this time they have a ciggare and alcohol in their hand. Why don’t I see any difference in their life? I think their life should be getting better because I always give them money and I believe they get money from other people too because they are able to buy cigaretes and alcohols. I really want to help them through this hard life and based on my experience the best solution to decrease homelessness is not giving them money but donating your money through charitable institutions. Charitable non-profit organizations are groups organized for public service purposes. Their goals are to eliminate hunger and homelessness in community. Charitable organizations provide food, clothes and shelters. Moreover, many philanthropic organizations help homeless peoples from struggle on poverty through job training. So that they have a chance to make their life better financialy. Also, they provide health program with affordable price for people who need a medical support, especially for people who have disability. In other words, through charitable organization we can diminish poverty in society and also decrease homelessness in our community because their life will gradually be better. We can donate our money to nother job is they giving self from You can either dsonate through private or public philanthropy organizations. Not only can you donate your money but you can also give away you clothes,shoes,socks and blankets. On the other hand, not all of the beggars are addicted to alcohol. Maybe some of them really need money. For instance, many homeless people have jobs but their salary is still not enough to pay their bills and rent. Most people have tendency to help by giving money in order to relieve the poor’s pain but this kind of act is not going to get help the. Moreover, not all charity organizations can always afford all homeless people needs. Maybe they dont have enough clothes to give, or they don’t have enough money to cover their administration. However, the charity organizations can definitely do more in order to help homeless people, In conclusion, it is better to give contributions to homeless people through charity organization. Despite the fact that we will give cash money to beggars, they will spend it unwisely. Charity organizations help us to collect things we want to donate and also it makes easier to homeless people because they know where they should go if they need helps. http://www. theatlantic. com/business/archive/2011/03/should-you-give-money-to-homeless-people/72820/ Should You Give Money to Homeless People? DEREK THOMPSON MAR 22 2011, 9:37 AM ET The short answer is no. The long answer is yes, but only if you work for an organization that can ensure the money is spent wisely. * Giving money to the homeless is an economic crisis of the heart, a tug-of-war between the instinct to alleviate suffering and the knowledge that a donation might encourage, rather than relieve, the anguish of the poor. Were all familiar with our mothers reasons not to empty our pockets for beggars. The best help is a shelter not a dollar, shes told us, and Theyll only use it on [something bad] anyway! ATLANTIC ARCHIVES: JANE ADDAMS ON CHARITY, 1899: The Subtle Problems of Charity The studies seem to back up mom, to a degree. One report from the Department of Housing and Urban Development found that six out of ten homeless respondents admitted problems with alcohol or drugs. Given the likelihood of self-reported bias, the actual number could be even higher. Studies on homeless income find that the typical career panhandler who dedicates his time overwhelmingly to begging can make between $600 and $1,500 a month. But since panhandlers often have no way to save their money, theyre incentivized to spend most of their days earnings quickly. This creates a tendency to spend on short-term relief, rather than long-term needs, which can feed this dependency on alcoholic relief. THE CASE FOR GIVING What do economists say about the instinct to help the homeless? (For these purposes, Im ignoring the altruism factor, the idea that if giving 50 cents makes us feel good then its an inherently justifiable donation. ) Some argue that giving cash to cash-needy people is the most efficient way to spend it. Indeed, the Congressional Budget Office has stated explicitly that the most efficient government stimulus targets the poorest Americans. And whos more indigent than a panhandler? Whats more, if you donate to a charity, there are administrative costs and time-lags. If you put your money in the hands of a beggar, however, its fast, easy, and guaranteed to be spent immediately. But the fact that beggars are likely to spend their money quickly is also the problem. Food stamps are considered highly effective government spending, but theyre earmarked for food. Unemployment benefits can go a long way, but recipients have to prove that theyre looking for work. A dollar from your hand to a homeless persons carries no such strings attached. But what would happen if we provided both money and strings? Good magazine found a British non-profit that identified 15 long-term homeless people (rough sleepers, as theyre known across the pond), asked what they needed to change their lives, and just bought it for them. Some asked for items as simple as shoes, or cash to repay a loan. One asked for a camper van. Another wanted a TV to make his hostel more livable. All were accommodated with 3,000 pounds and a broker to help them manage their budget. Of the 13 who agreed to take part, 11 were off the street within a year, and several entered treatment for addiction. The upshot: The homeless often need something more than money. They need money and direction. For most homeless people, direction means a job and a roof. A 1999 study from HUD polled homeless people about what they needed most: 42% said help finding a job; 38% said finding housing; 30% said paying rent or utilities; 13% said training or medical care. BUT WHAT SHOULD YOU DO? Organizations can obviously do more for the needy than we can with the change in our back pocket. But does that mean we shouldnt give, ever? The consistently entertaining economist Tyler Cowen worries that giving to beggars induces bad long-term incentives. If you travel to a poor city, for example, youll find swarms of beggars by touristy locations. If the tourists become more generous, the local beggars dont get richer, they only multiply. Generous pedestrians attract more beggars. Cowen writes: The more you give to beggars, the harder beggars will try. This leads to what economists call rent exhaustion, which again limits the net gain to beggars If you are going to give, pick the poor person who is expecting it least. Im certain that there are some cases where donations to an especially needy beggar are justified. But the ultimate danger in panhandling is that we dont give to every beggar. Theres not enough change in our purses. We choose to donate money based on the level of perceived need. Beggars known this, so there is an incentive on their part to exaggerate their need, by either lying about their circumstances or letting their appearance visibly deteriorate rather than seek help. If we drop change in a beggars hand without donating to a charity, were acting to relieve our guilt rather than underlying crisis of poverty. The same calculus applies to the beggar who relies on panhandling for a booze hit. In short, both sides fail each other by being lured into fleeting sense of relief rather than a lasting solution to the structural problem of homelessness. _______? * Academic research, journalism articles and everyday conversation often use the word homeless, beggar and panhandler to describe the same group. But if were being precise, not all homeless people are beggars, and not all beggars are homeless. More here.

Second Battle of Manassas - Civil War Second Battle of Manassas

Second Battle of Manassas - Civil War Second Battle of Manassas Second Battle of Manassas - Conflict Dates: The Second Battle of Manassas was fought August 28-30, 1862, during the American Civil War. Armies Commanders Union Major General John Pope70,000 men Confederate General Robert E. Lee55,000 men Second Battle of Manassas - Background: With the collapse of Major General George B. McClellans Peninsula Campaign in the summer of 1862, President Abraham Lincoln brought Major General John Pope east to take command of the newly created Army of Virginia. Consisting of three corps led by Major Generals Franz Sigel, Nathaniel Banks, and Irvin McDowell, Popes force was soon augmented by additional units taken from McClellans Army of the Potomac. Tasked with protecting Washington and the Shenandoah Valley, Pope began moving southwest towards Gordonsville, VA. Seeing that Union forces were divided and believing that the timid McClellan posed little threat, Confederate General Robert E. Lee sensed an opportunity to destroy Pope before returning south to finish off the Army of the Potomac. Detaching the left wing of his army, Lee ordered Major General Thomas Stonewall Jackson to move north to Gordonsville to intercept Pope. On August 9, Jackson defeated Banks corps at Cedar Mountain and four days later Lee began moving the other wing of his army, led by Major General James Longstreet, north to join Jackson. Second Battle of Manassas - Jackson on the March: Between August 22 and 25, the two armies squared off across the rain-swollen Rappahannock River, with neither able to force a crossing. During this time, Pope began receiving reinforcements as McClellans men were withdrawn from the Peninsula. Seeking to defeat Pope before the Union commanders force grew much larger, Lee ordered Jackson to take his men and Major General J.E.B. Stuarts cavalry division on a bold flanking march around the Union right. Moving north, then east through Thoroughfare Gap, Jackson severed the Orange Alexandria Railroad at Bristoe Station before capturing the Union supply base at Manassas Junction on August 27. With Jackson in his rear, Pope was forced to fall back from the Rappahannock and reconcentrate near Centreville. Moving northwest from Manassas, Jackson moved through the old First Bull Run battlefield and assumed a defensive position behind an unfinished railroad grade below Stony Ridge on the night of August 27/28. From this position, Jackson had a clear view of the Warrenton Turnpike which ran east to Centreville. Second Battle of Manassas - Fighting Begins: The fighting began at 6:30 PM on August 28 when units belonging to Brigadier General Rufus Kings division were seen moving east on the turnpike. Jackson, who learned earlier in the day that Lee and Longstreet were marching to join him, moved to the attack. Engaging on the Brawner Farm, the fight was largely against the Union brigades of Brigadier Generals John Gibbon and Abner Doubleday. Firing for around two and half hours, both sides took heavy losses until darkness ended the fighting. Pope misinterpreted the battle as Jackson retreating from Centreville and ordered his men to trap the Confederates. Second Battle of Manassas - Assaulting Jackson: Early the next morning, Jackson dispatched some of Stuarts men to direct Longstreets approaching troops into pre-selected positions on his right. Pope, in an effort to destroy Jackson, moved his men to the fight and planned attacks on both Confederate flanks. Believing that Jacksons right flank was near Gainesville, he directed Major General Fitz John Porter to take his V Corps west to attack that position. At the other end of the line, Sigel was assault the Confederate left along the railroad grade. While Porters men marched, Sigels opened the fighting around 7:00 AM. Attacking Major General A.P. Hills men, the Brigadier General Carl Schurzs troops made little progress. While the Union did achieve some local successes, they were often undone by vigorous Confederate counterattacks. Around 1:00 PM, Pope arrived on the field with reinforcements just as Longstreets lead units were moving into position. To the southwest, Porters corps was moving up the Manassas-Gainesville Road and engaged a group of Confederate cavalry. Second Battle of Manassas - Union Confusion: Shortly thereafter, its advance was halted when Porter received a confusing Joint Order from Pope which muddied the situation and did not provide any clear direction. This confusion was worsened by news from McDowells cavalry commander, Brigadier General John Buford, that large numbers of Confederates (Longstreets men) had been spotted in Gainesville that morning. For an unknown reason, McDowell failed to forward this to Pope until that evening. Pope, waiting for Porters attack, continued to launch piecemeal assaults against Jackson and remained unaware that Longstreets men had arrived on the field. At 4:30, Pope sent an explicit order for Porter to attack, but it was not received until 6:30 and the corps commander was not in a position to comply. In anticipation of this attack, Pope threw Major General Philip Kearnys division against Hills lines. In severe fighting, Kearnys men were only repelled after determined Confederate counterattacks. Observing Union movements, Lee decided to attack the Union flank, but was dissuaded by Longstreet who advocated a reconnaissance in force to set up an assault in the morning. Brigadier General John B. Hoods division moved forward along the turnpike and collided with Brigadier General John Hatchs men. Both sides retreated after a sharp fight. Second Battle of Manassas - Longstreet Strikes As darkness fell, Pope finally received McDowells report regarding Longstreet. Falsely believing that Longstreet had arrived to support Jacksons retreat, Pope recalled Porter and began planning a massive assault by V Corps for the next day. Though advised to move cautiously at a council of war the next morning, Pope pushed Porters men, supported by two additional divisions, west down the turnpike. Around noon, they wheeled right and attacked the right end of Jacksons line. Taken under heavy artillery fire the assault breached the Confederate lines but was thrown back by counterattacks. With the failure of Porters attack, Lee and Longstreet moved forward with 25,000 men against the Union left flank. Driving scattered Union troops before them, they only encountered determined resistance at a few points. Realizing the danger, Pope began moving troops to block the attack. With the situation desperate, he succeeded in forming a defensive line along the Manassas-Sudley Road at the foot of Henry House Hill. The battle lost, Pope began a fighting withdraw back towards Centreville around 8:00 PM. Second Battle of Manassas - Aftermath: The Second Battle of Manassas cost Pope 1,716 killed, 8,215 wounded and 3,893 missing, while Lee suffered 1,305 killed and 7,048 wounded. Relieved on September 12, Popes army was incorporated into the Army of the Potomac. Seeking a scapegoat for the defeat, he had Porter court-martialed for his actions on August 29. Found guilty, Porter spent fifteen years working to clear his name. Having won a stunning victory, Lee embarked on his invasion of Maryland a few days later. Selected Sources National Park Service: Manassas National BattlefieldLibrary of Congress: Second Battle of ManassasHistoryNet: Second Battle of Manassas

Battle of Cape Esperance at Guadalcanal

Battle of Cape Esperance at Guadalcanal The Battle of Cape Esperance took place the night of October 11/12, 1942. It was part of the Guadalcanal Campaign of World War II. Background In early August 1942, Allied forces landed on Guadalcanal and succeeded in capturing an airfield that the Japanese were building. Dubbed Henderson Field, Allied aircraft operating from the Guadalcanal soon dominated the sea lanes around the island during daylight hours. As a result, the Japanese were forced to deliver reinforcements to the island at night using destroyers rather than larger, slower troop transports. Dubbed the Tokyo Express by the Allies, Japanese warships would depart bases in the Shortland Islands and make the run to Guadalcanal and back in a single night. In early October, Vice Admiral Gunichi Mikawa planned a major reinforcement convoy for Guadalcanal. Led by Rear Admiral Takatsugu Jojima, the force consisted of six destroyers and two seaplane tenders. In addition, Mikawa ordered Rear Admiral Aritomo Goto to lead a force of three cruisers and two destroyers with orders to shell Henderson Field while Jojimas ships delivered their troops. Departing the Shortlands early on October 11, both forces proceeded down The Slot towards Guadalcanal. While the Japanese were planning their operations, the Allies made plans to reinforce the island as well. Moving to Contact Departing New Caledonia on October 8, ships carrying the US 164th Infantry moved north towards Guadalcanal. To screen this convoy, Vice Admiral Robert Ghormley assigned Task Force 64, commanded by Rear Admiral Norman Hall, to operate near the island. Consisting of the cruisers USS San Francisco, USS Boise, USS Helena, and USS Salt Lake City, TF64 also included the destroyers USS Farenholt, USS Duncan, USS Buchanan, USS McCalla, and USS Laffey. Initially taking station off Rennell Island, Hall moved north on the 11th after receiving reports that Japanese ships had been sited in The Slot. With the fleets in motion, Japanese aircraft attacked Henderson Field during the day, with the goal of preventing Allied aircraft from locating and attacking Jojimas ships. As he moved north, Hall, aware that the Americans had faired badly in previous night battles with the Japanese, crafted a simple battle plan. Ordering his ships to form a column with destroyers at the head and rear, he instructed them to illuminate any targets with their searchlights so that the cruisers could fire accurately. Hall also informed his captains that they were open fire when the enemy was sited rather than waiting for orders. Battle Joined Approaching Cape Hunter on the northwest corner of Guadalcanal, Hall, flying his flag from San Francisco, ordered his cruisers to launch their floatplanes at 10:00 PM. An hour later, San Franciscos floatplane sighted Jojimas force off of Guadalcanal. Expecting more Japanese ships to be sighted, Hall maintained his course northeast, passing to the west of Savo Island. Reversing course at 11:30, some confusion led to the three lead destroyers (Farenholt, Duncan, and Laffey) being out of position. About this time, Gotos ships began appearing on the American radars. Initially believing these contacts to be the out of position destroyers, Hall took no action. As Farenholt and Laffey accelerated to reassume their proper positions, Duncan moved to attack the approaching Japanese ships. At 11:45, Gotos ships were visible to the American lookouts and Helena radioed asking permission to open fire using the general procedure request, Interrogatory Roger (meaning are we clear to act). Hall responded in the affirmative, and his surprise the entire American line opened fire. Aboard his flagship, Aoba, Goto was taken by complete surprise. Over the next few minutes, Aoba was hit more than 40 times by Helena, Salt Lake City, San Francisco, Farenholt, and Laffey. Burning, with many of its guns out of action and Goto dead, Aoba turned to disengage. At 11:47, concerned that he was firing on his own ships, Hall ordered a cease-fire and asked his destroyers to confirm their positions. This done, the American ships resumed firing at 11:51 and pummeled the cruiser Furutaka. Burning from a hit to its torpedo tubes, Furutaka lost power after taking a torpedo from Buchanan. While the cruiser was burning, the Americans shifted their fire to the destroyer Fubuki sinking it. As the battle raged, the cruiser Kinugasa and destroyer Hatsuyuki turned away and missed the brunt of the American attack. Pursuing the fleeing Japanese ships, Boise was nearly hit by torpedoes from Kinugasa at 12:06 AM. Turning on their searchlights to illuminate the Japanese cruiser, Boise and Salt Lake City immediately took fire, with the former taking a hit to its magazine. At 12:20, with the Japanese retreating and his ships disorganized, Hall broke off the action. Later that night, Furutaka sank as a result of battle damage, and Duncan was lost to raging fires. Learning of the bombardment forces crisis, Jojima detached four destroyers to its aid after disembarking his troops. The next day, two of these, Murakumo and Shirayuki, were sunk by aircraft from Henderson Field. Aftermath The Battle of Cape Esperance cost Hall the destroyer Duncan and 163 killed. In addition, Boise and Farenholt were badly damaged. For the Japanese, losses included a cruiser and three destroyers, as well as 341–454 killed. Also, Aoba was badly damaged and out of action until February 1943. The Battle of Cape Esperance was the first Allied triumph over the Japanese in a night battle. A tactical victory for Hall, the engagement had little strategic significance as Jojima was able to deliver his troops. In assessing the battle, many of the American officers felt that chance had played a key role in allowing them to surprise the Japanese. This luck would not hold, and Allied naval forces were badly defeated on November 20, 1942, at the nearby Battle of Tassafaronga. Selected Sources US Naval Historical Center: Battle of Cape EsperanceOrder of Battle: Battle of Cape Esperance

The Creative Class; Importance of Economic Development and Planning Research Paper

The Creative Class; Importance of Economic Development and Planning - Research Paper Example Pondering over the market strategies adopted by this class, the paper also institutes the notions of the creative class namely brain drain and brain gain. In short, the paper, quoting examples, determines the validity of the claim that the creative class is mandatory for economic planning and development. Over the last few centuries, the world has prospered in many ways. The advancement in science and technology is responsible for all the development that has taken place across the globe. However, despite the era of technology and enlightenment, there are certain things that remain the same. One such thing in the social structure of an economy is the class. (Bonanni, 2004) The term ‘class’ is a very interesting one as it is often used to refer to a group of individuals who possess the economic influence and leverage over a certain number of people. Class, still being a part of the social structure, is a huge determinant of economic planning and development. In fact the last decade has seen a lot of theoretical work on the effect of a certain class on the development of a particular market in an economy. In the past decade, most analysts have pondered over the relationship of creativity (more appropriately the creative class) and economic development. (Atkinson, 2009) For most commentators, the explanation of economic development through the concept of creativity is a tired formula which does not really help achieve any appropriate results. (Peck, 2005) For others however, the idea of an economy that is based on skills and services is a creative one, an idea that has affected the ground rules for achieving economic development. This in tur n has affected how many cities and urban centres (that are economic hubs) have sought to manage their economic policies with a special focus on the arts, culture and other place based characteristics in order to make the cities a better place to live

DIAGEO --Ethical Issues Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

DIAGEO --Ethical Issues Business - Essay Example Diageo was the first global drinks company to sign up the nine principles of the United Nations Global Compact for dedicated efforts in social and environmental responsibility. Diageo has its own codes and policies, which are reviewed after certain gaps, and go beyond local and national governing laws. The company is fully dedicated and focused on the interests of all its stakeholders whether consumers, employees, or shareholders. Major ethical issue with Diageo is that it sells alcoholic drinks, which are not positively accepted in society norms as a healthy sign. Responsible drinking is a big ethical issue and challenge for the company to market its product and advertise drinking to inculcate the feeling among consumer to drink responsibly. Employee Volunteer Activities Diageo’s employees are its brand ambassadors. Their volunteer activities come and are covered under the company’s Employee Alcohol policy. Employees are expected to comply with company’s programs and policies. They have a responsibility to behave and assist line managers, complying with applicable laws, regulations and Diageo code of business conduct. They are supposed to comprehend all these and relevant policies of employment. Employees are given training to understand the governing laws. They are supposed to ask for guidance on any matter they think will pose risk to the code, law or regulation.

Feminism is for Everybody :: Free Essays Online

Feminism is for Everybody The following paragraphs are an excerpt from a paper written about the political and social theories of bell hooks. These sections focus specifically on her newest book, Feminism is for Everybody. Throughout her works, hooks maintains a firm belief in the accessibility of the theory she seeks to situate within society. To that end, hooks’ latest work, Feminism is for Everybody, is an accessible book that outlines the basic tenants of a radical feminist theory. More inclusive than many of her other works, this book attempts to address an audience that is completely unfamiliar with feminist thought. In the introduction, hooks discusses the rampant misconceptions surrounding the movement. In her encounters with people on a daily basis, she finds that: â€Å"When I ask these same folks about the feminist books or magazines they read, when I ask them about the feminist talks they have heard, about the feminist activists they know, they respond by letting me know that everything they know about feminism has come into their lives thirdhand [sic], that they really have not come close enough to the feminist movement to know what really happens, what it’s really about. Mostly they think feminism is a bunch of angry women who want to be like men. (vii). It is these misconceptions that hooks feels must be corrected. Only in this way will the everyday relevance of feminism become clear. Hooks goes on to explain that this book is an effort to answer the question â€Å"what is feminism† in a clear, concise way that is not reductive to her readers (viii). She stressed the failure of the feminist movement to produce a multitude of works that are accessible and useful in many arenas. Many of the chapters in Feminism is for Everybody recapitulate and simplify the arguments put forth in Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center. Hooks attempts to diffuse common myths surrounding the feminist movement, and to that end, she suggests ways the movement may become all-inclusive. In the section entitled â€Å"Feminist Masculinity† hooks discusses the dichotomy perpetuated by Second Wave feminists who sought to classify the male as the â€Å"enemy†. The polarization of men as the â€Å"oppressor† and woman as the â€Å"oppressed† propelled the women’s movement initially, but it was not long before women were able to step back and realize that the system itself was flawed (68).

Investment Avenues in India Essay

ABSTRACT:Each investment alternative has its own strengths and weaknesses. Some options seek to achieve superior returns (like equity), but with corresponding higher risk. Other provide safety (like PPF) but at the expense of liquidity and growth. Other options such as FDs offer safety and liquidity, but at the cost of return. Mutual funds seek to combine the advantages of investing in arch of these alternatives while dispensing with the shortcomings.Indian stock market is semi-efficient by nature and, is considered as one of the most respected stock markets, where information is quickly and widely disseminated, thereby allowing each security’s price to adjust rapidly in an unbiased manner to new information so that, it reflects the nearest investment value. And mainly after the introduction of electronic trading system, the information flow has become much faster. But sometimes, in developing countries like India, sentiments play major role in price movements, or say, fluctua tions, where investors find it difficult to predict the future with certainty. Some of the events affect economy as a whole, while some events are sector specific. Even in one particular sector, some companies or major market player are more sensitive to the event. So, the new investors taking exposure in the market should be well aware about the maximum potential loss, i.e. Value at risk.It would be good to diversify one’s portfolio to include equity mutual funds and stocks. The benefit of diversification are that while risk exposure from a particular asset may not be very high, it would also give the opportunity of participating in the party in the equity markets- which may have just begun- in a relatively safe manner(than investing directly into stock markets). Mutual funds are one of the best options for investors to choose from. It must be realized that the performance of different funds varies time to time. Evaluation of a fund performance is meaningful when a fund has access to an array of investment products in market. An investor can choose from a variety of funds to suit his risk tolerance, investment horizon and objective. Direct investment in equity offers capital growth but at high risk and without the benefit of diversification by professional management offered by mutual funds.INTRODUCTION:Savings form an important part of the economy of any nation. With the savings invested in various options available to the people, the money acts as the driver for growth of the country. Indian financial scene too presents a plethora of avenues to the investors. Though certainly not the best or deepest of markets in the world, it has reasonable options for an ordinary man to invest his savings. Banks are considered as the safest of all options, banks have been the roots of the financial systems in India. Promoted as the means to social development, banks in India have indeed played an important role in the rural upliftment. For an ordinary person though, they have acted as the safest investment avenue wherein a person deposits money and earns interest on it. The two main modes of investment in banks, savings accounts and fixed deposits have been effectively used by one and all.However, today the interest rate structure in the country is headed southwards, keeping in line with global trends. With the banks offering little above 9 percent in their fixed deposits for one year, the yields have come down substantially in recent times. Add to this, the inflationary pressures in economy and one has a position where the savings are not earning. The inflation is creeping up, to almost 8 percent at times, and this means that the value of money saved goes down instead of going up. This effectively mars any chance of gaining from the investments in banks. Just like banks, post offices in India have a wide network. Spread across the nation, they offer financial assistance as well as serving the basic requirements of communication. Among all saving options, Post office schemes have been offering the highest rates. Added to it is the fact that the investments are safe with the department being a Government of India entity. So, the two basic and most sought after features, such as – return safety and quantum of returns was being handsomely taken care of. Though certainly not the most efficient systems in terms of service standards and liquidity, these have still managed to attract the attention of small, retail investors. However, with the government announcing its intention of reducing the interest rates in small savings options, this avenue is expected to lose some of the investors.Public Provident Funds act as options to save for the post retirement period for most people and have been considered good option largely due to the fact that returns were higher than most other options and also helped people gain from tax benefits under various sections. This option too is likely to lose some of its sheen on account of reduction in the rates offered. Another often-used route to invest has be en the fixed deposit schemes floated by companies. Companies have used fixed deposit schemes as a means of mobilizing funds for their operations and have paid interest on them. The safer a company is rated, the lesser the return offered has been the thumb rule. However, there are several potential roadblocks in these. First of all, the danger of financial position of the company not being understood by the investor lurks. The investors rely on intermediaries who more often than not, don’t reveal the entire truth. Secondly, liquidity is a major problem with the amount being received months after the due dates. Premature redemption is generally not entertained without cuts in the returns offered and though they present a reasonable option to counter interest rate risk (especially when the economy is headed for a low interest regime), the safety of principal amount has been found lacking. Many cases like the Kuber Group and DCM Group fiascoes have resulted in low confidence in this option. The options discussed above are essentially for the risk-averse, people who think of safety and then quantum of return, in that order. For the brave, it is dabbling in the stock market.Stock markets provide an option to invest in a high risk, high return game. While the potential return is much more than 10-11 percent any of the options discussed above can generally generate, the risk is undoubtedly of the highest order. But then, the general principle of encountering greater risks and uncertainty when one seeks higher returns holds true. However, as enticing as it might appear, people generally are clueless as to how the stock market functions and in the process can endanger the hard-earned money.For those who are not adept at understanding the stock market, the task of generating superior returns at similar levels of risk is arduous to say the least. This is where Mutual Funds come into picture.Mutual Funds are essentially investment vehicles where people with similar investment objective come together to pool their money and then invest accordingly. Each unit of any scheme represents the proportion of pool owned by the unit holder (investor). Appreciation or reduction in value of investments is reflected in net asset value (NAV) of the concerned scheme, which is declared by the fund from time to time. Mutual fund schemes are managed by respective Asset Management Companies (AMC). Different business groups/ financial institutions/ banks have sponsored these AMCs, either alone or in collaboration with reputed international firms.Several international funds like Alliance and Templeton are also operating independently in India. Many more international Mutual Fund giants are expected to come into Indian markets in the near future.Investment alternatives in India * Non marketable financial assets: These are such financial assets which gives moderately high return but can not be traded in market.* Bank Deposits * Post Office Schemes * Company FDs * PPF * Equity shares: These are shares of company and can be traded in secondary market. Investors get benefit by change in price of share and dividend given by companies. Equity shares represent ownership capital. As an equity shareholder, a person has an ownership stake in the company. This essentially means that the person has a residual interest in income and wealth of the company. These can be classified into following broad categories as per stock market:* Blue chip shares * Growth shares * Income shares * Cyclic shares * Speculative shares * Bonds: Bonds are the instruments that are considered as a relatively safer investment avenues.* G sec bonds * GOI relief funds * Govt. agency funds * PSU Bonds * RBI BOND * Debenture of private sector co. * Money market instrument: By convention, the term â€Å"money market† refers to the market for short-term requirement and deployment of funds. Money market instruments are those instruments, which have a maturity period of less than one year.* T-Bills * Certificate of Deposit * Commercial Paper * Mutual Funds- A mutual fund is a trust that pools together the savings of a number of investors who share a common financial goal. The fund manager invests this pool of money in securities, ranging from shares, debentures to money market instruments or in a mixture of equity and debt, depending upon the objective of the scheme. The different types of schemes are* Balanced Funds * Index Funds * Sector Fund * Equity Oriented Funds * Life insurance: Now-a-days life insurance is also being considered as an investment avenue. Insurance premiums represent the sacrifice and the assured sum the benefit. Under it different schemes are:* Endowment assurance policy * Money back policy * Whole life policy * Term assurance policy * Real estate: One of the most important assets in portfolio of investors is a residential house. In addition to a residential house, the more affluent investors are likely to be interested in the following types of real estate:* Agricultural land * Semi urban land * Farm House * Precious objects: Investors can also invest in the objects which have value. These comprises of:* Gold * Silver * Precious stones * Art objects * Financial Derivatives: These are such instruments which derive their value from some other underlying assets. It may be viewed as a side bet on the asset. The most important financial derivatives from the point of view of investors are:* Options * FuturesDirect equity vs. mutual funds1) Equity share/Direct investment 2) Mutual funds, a brief introduction 3) Equity Fund 4) Difference between direct equity and mutual fundEquity share/Direct investmentEquity shares: These are shares of company and can be traded in secondary market. Investors get benefit by change in price of share or dividend given by companies. Equity shares represent ownership capital. As an equity shareholder, a person has an ownership stake in the company. This essentially means that the person has a residual interest in income and wealth of the company. These can be classified into following broad categories as per stock market:* Blue chip shares- Shares of large, well established, financially strong companies with an impressive record of earnings and dividends.* Growth shares-Shares of companies that have fairly entrenched positions in a growing market and which enjoy an above average rate of growth as well as profitability. * Income shares-Share of companies that have fairly stable operations, relative limited growth opportunities, and high dividend payout ratios.* Cyclic shares – Share of companies that have a pronounced cyclicality in their operations.* Defensive shares- Shares of companies that are relatively unaffected by the ups and downs in general business conditions.* Speculative shares- Shares of companies that tend to fluctuate widely because there is a lot of speculative trading in them.Mutual Funds: A brief introductionA Mutual Fund is a trust that pools the savings of a number of investors who share a common financial goal. The money thus collected is invested by the fund manager in different types of securities depending upon the objective of the scheme. These could range from shares to debentures to money market instruments. The income earned through these investments and the capital appreciations realized by the schemes are shared by its unit holders in proportion to the number of units owned by them. Thus a Mutual Fund is the most suitable investment for the common man as it offers an opportunity to invest in a diversified, professionally managed portfolio at a relatively low cost. The small savings of all the investors are put together to increase the buying power and hire a professional manager to invest and monitor the money. Anybody with an investible surplus of as little as a few thousand rupees can invest in Mutual Funds. Each Mutual Fund scheme has a defined investment objective and strategy.INCEPTION OF MUTUAL FUNDS IN INDIAThe history of mutual funds in India can be divided into 5 important phases:1963-1987The Unit Trust of India was the sole player in the industry. Created by an Act of Parliament in 1963, UTI launched its first product, the Unit Scheme 1964, which is even today the single lar gest mutual fund scheme. UTI created a number of products such as monthly income plans, children plans, equity-oriented schemes and off shore funds during this period. UTI managed assets of Rs.6,700 crores at the end of this phase.1987-1993In 1987 public sector banks and financial institutions entered the mutual fund industry. SBI mutual fund was the first non- UTI fund to be set up in 1987. Significant shift of investors from deposits to mutual fund industry happened during this period. Most funds were growth-oriented closed-ended funds. By the end of this period, assets under UTI’s management grew to Rs.38,247 crores and public sector funds managed Rs.8,750 crores.1993-1996In 1993, the mutual fund industry was open to private sector players, both Indian and foreign. SEBI’s first set of regulations for the industry were formulated in 1993, and substantially revised in 1996.Signifficant innovations in servicing, product design and information disclosure happened in this phase, mostly initiated by private players.1996-1999The implementation of the new SEBI regulations and the restructuring of the mutual fund industry led to rapid asset growth. Bank mutual funds were recast according to the SEBI recommended structure, and the UTI came under voluntary SEBI supervision.1999-2002This phase was marked by the rapid growth in the industry, and significant increase in market shares of private sector players. Assets crossed Rs.1,00,000 crore .The tax break offered to mutual fund in 1999 created arbitrage opportunities for a number of institutional players. Bond funds and Liquid funds registered the highest growth in this period, accounting for nearly 60% of the assets. UTI’s share of the industry dropped to nearly 50%.Types of mutual funds:Open ended schemesAn open-end fund is one that is available for subscription all through the year. This type of Mutual funds does not have a predefined maturity period. The key feature is liquidity. Direct dealing is another noticeable feature. One can easily buy and sell units at Net Asset Value related prices.Close ended schemesHere maturity period is predefined usually ranging from 2 to 15 years. Investment can be done directly in the scheme at the time of the initial issue and units can be brought and sold whenever units are listed in the stock exchanges.Types of Schemes1. Equity/growth oriented Funds: Equity schemes are those that invest predominantly in equity shares of companies. An equity scheme seeks to provide returns by way of capital appreciation. As a class of assets, equities are subject to greater fluctuations. Hence, the NAVs of these schemes will also fluctuate frequently. Equity schemes are more volatile, but offer better returns.2. Balanced Funds: The aim of balanced funds is to provide both growth and regular income. Such schemes periodically distribute a part of their earning and invest both in equities and fixed income securities in the proportion indicated in their offer documents. 3. Index Funds: An Index Fund is a mutual fund that tries to mirror a market index, like Nifty or BSE Sensex , as closely as possible by investing in all the stocks that comprise that index in proportions equal to the weight age of those stocks in the index.4. Income/debt oriented Funds: These schemes invest mainly in income-bearing instruments like bonds, debentures, government securities, commercial paper, etc. These instruments are much less volatile than equity schemes. Their volatility depends essentially on the health of the economy e.g., rupee depreciation, fiscal deficit, inflationary pressure. Performance of such schemes also depends on bond ratings.1) Equity FundsAs explained earlier, such funds invest only in stocks, the riskiest of asset classes. With share prices fluctuating daily, such funds show volatile performance, even losses. However, these funds can yield great capital appreciation as, historically, equities have outperformed all asset classes. At present, there are four types of equity funds available in the market. In the increasing order of risk, these are:a) Index fundsThese funds track a key stock market index, like the BSE (Bombay Stock Exchange) Sensex or the NSE (National Stock Exchange) S&P CNX Nifty. Hence, their portfolio mirrors the index they track, both in terms of composition and the individual stock weightages. For instance, an index fund that tracks the Sensex will invest only in the Sensex stocks. The idea is to replicate the performance of the benchmarked index to near accuracy. Index funds don’t need fund managers, as there is no stock selection involved.Investing through index funds is a passive investment strategy, as a fund’s performance will invariably mimic the index concerned, barring a minor â€Å"tracking error†. Usually, there’s a difference between the total returns given by a stock index and those given by index funds benchmarked to it. Termed as tracking error, it arises because the index fund charges management fees, marketing expenses and transaction costs (impact cost and brokerage) to its unit holders. So, if the Sensex appreciates 10 per cent during a particular period while an index fund mirroring the Sensex rises 9 per cent, the fund is said to have a tracking error of 1 per cent.To illustrate with an example, assume you invested Rs 1,000 in an index fund based on the Sensex on 1 April 1978, when the index was launched (base: 100). In August, when the Sensex was at 3.457, your investment would be worth Rs 34,570, which works out to an annualised return of 17.2 per cent. A tracking error of 1 per cent would bring down your annualised return to 16.2 per cent. Obviously, lower the tracking error, the better are the index funds.b) Diversified fundsSuch funds have the mandate to invest in the entire universe of stocks. Although by definition, such funds are meant to have a diversified portfolio (spread across industries and companies), the stock selection is entirely the prerogative of the fund manager. This discretionary power in the hands of the fund manager can work both ways for an equity fund. On the one hand, astute stock-picking by a fund manager can enable the fund to deliver market-beating returns; on the other hand, if the fund manager’s picks languish, the returns will be far lower. Returns from a diversified fund depend a lot on the fund manager’s capabilities to make the right investment decisions. A portfolio concentrated in a few sectors or companies is a high risk, high return proposition.c) Tax-saving fundsAlso known as ELSS or equity-linked savings schemes, these funds offer benefits under Section 88 of the Income-Tax Act. So, on an investment of up to Rs 10,000 a year in an ELSS, one can claim a tax exemption of 20 per cent from his taxable income. One can invest more than Rs 10,000, but then he won’t get the Section 88 benefits for the amount in excess of Rs 10,000. The only drawback to ELSS is that one has to lock into the scheme for three years.In terms of investment profile, tax-saving funds are like diversified funds. The one difference is that because of the three year lock-in clause, tax-saving funds get more time to reap the benefits from their stock picks, unlike plain diversified funds, whose portfolios sometimes tend to get dictated by redemption compulsions.d) Sector fundsThe riskiest among equity funds, sector funds invest only in stocks of a specific industry, say IT or FMCG. A sector fund’s NAV will zoom if the sector performs well; however, if the sector languishes, the scheme’s NAV too will stay depressed. Barring a few defensive, evergreen sectors like FMCG and pharma, most other industries alternate between periods of strong growth and bouts of slowdowns. The way to make money from sector funds is to catch these cycles–get in when the sector is poised for an upswing and exit before it slips back.2) Difference between direct equity and mutual fundsA mutual fund is the ideal investment vehicle for today’s complex and modern financial scenario. Markets for eq uity shares, bonds and other fixed income instruments, real estate, derivatives and other assets have become mature and information driven. Price changes in these assets are driven by global events occurring in faraway places. A typical individual is unlikely to have the knowledge, skills, inclination and time to keep track of events, understand their implications and act speedily. An individual also finds it difficult to keep track of ownership of his assets, investments, brokerage dues and bank transactions etc.Investing in Mutual Fund is convenient because of two basic reasons. All investment carry risks, especially equity investment that bears larger risks, their returns are more volatile and uneven. To cut down the risk one needs to put money in several instruments rather than in one or two products. A Mutual Fund can effectively spread its investments across various sectors of the economy and amongst several products. Risk diversification is the Key. Secondly ‘where to invest and where not to’, is a specialized business. One may not have the expertise, time and resources of a well-managed fund.ADVANTAG ES OF A MUTUAL FUND1. Professional ManagementQualified professionals manage money, but they are not alone. They have a research team that continuously analyses the performance and prospects of companies. They also select suitable investments to achieve the objectives of the scheme, so you see that it is a continuous process that takes time and expertise that will add value to investment. These fund managers are in a better position to manage investments and get higher returns.2. DiversificationThe clichà ©, â€Å"don’t put all eggs in one basket† really applies to the concept of intelligent investing. Diversification lowers risk of loss by spreading money across various industries. It is a rare occasion when all stocks decline at the same time and in the same proportion. Sector funds will spread investment across only one industry and it would not be wise for portfolio to be skewed towards these types of funds for obvious reasons.3. Choice of SchemesMutual funds offer a variety of schemes that will suit investors needs over a lifetime. When they enter a new stage in life, a ll needed to do is sit down with investment advisor who will help to rearrange portfolio to suit altered lifestyle. 4. AffordabilityA small investor may find that it is not possible to buy shares of larger corporations. Mutual funds generally buy and sell securities in large volumes that allow investors to benefit from lower trading costs. The smallest investor can get started on mutual funds because of the minimal investment requirements. One can invest with a minimum of Rs. 500 in a Systematic Investment Plan on a regular basis.5. Tax BenefitsInvestments held by investors for a period of 12 months or more qualify for Capital gains and will be taxed accordingly (10% of the amount by which the investment appreciated, or 20% after factoring in the benefit of cost indexation, whichever is lower). These investments also get the benefit of indexation.6. LiquidityWith open-end funds, you can redeem all or part of investment any time you wish and receive the current value of the shares or the NAV related price. Funds are more liquid than most investments in shares, deposits and bonds and the process is standardized, making it quick and efficient so that you can get cash in hand as soon as possible. 7. Rupee Cost AveragingThrough using this concept of investing the same amount regularly, mutual funds give investor the advantage of getting the average unit price over the long-term. This reduces risk and also allows you to discipline self by actually investing every month or quarterly and not making sporadic investments.8. The Transparency of Mutual FundsThe performance of a mutual fund is reviewed by various publications and rating agencies, making it easy for investors to compare one to the other. Once you are part of a mutual fund scheme, you are provided with regular updates, for example daily NAVs, as well as information on the specific investments made and the fund manager’s strategy and outlook of the scheme.9. Easy To AdministerMutual funds units in modern times are not issued in the form of certificates, with a minimum denomination rather they are issued as account statement switch a facility to hold units in fraction upto 4 decimal points.10. Highly RegulatedThe g overning of mutual funds by SEBI ensures that the fund activities are carried out in the best interest of the investors. DISADVANTAGES OF MUTUAL FUNDSThe following are some of the reasons which are deterrent to mutual fund investment: * Costs despite Negative Returns — Investors must pay sales charges, annual fees, and other expenses regardless of how the fund performs. And, depending on the timing of their investment, investors may also have to pay taxes on any capital gains distribution they receive — even if the fund went on to perform poorly after they bought shares. * Lack of Control — Investors typically cannot ascertain the exact make-up of a fund’s portfolio at any given time, nor can they directly influence which securities the fund manager buys and sells or the timing of those trades. * Price Uncertainty — with an individual stock, you can obtain real-time (or close to real-time) pricing information with relative ease by checking financial websites or by calling your broker. You can also monitor how a stock’s price changes from hour to hour — o r even second to second. By contrast, with a mutual fund, the price at which you purchase or redeem shares will typically depend on the fund’s NAV, which the fund might not calculate until many hours after you’ve placed your order. In general, mutual funds must calculate their NAV at least once every business day, typically after the major U.S. exchanges close.Some mutual fund schemes with the point of attractiveness to investors -Comparison of best performing mutual funds with index Equity schemes:Equity schemes are those that invest predominantly in equity shares of companies. An equity scheme seeks to provide returns by way of capital appreciation. As a class of assets, equities are subject to greater fluctuations. Hence, the NAVs of these schemes will also fluctuate frequently. Equity schemes are more volatile, but offer better returns. These can be further classified into three types:1. Diversified Equity schemes:The aim of diversified equity funds is to provide the investor with capital appreciation over a medium to long period (generally 2 – 5 years). The fund invests in equity shares of companies from a diverse array of industries and balances (or tries to) the portfolio so as to prevent any adverse impact on returns due to a downturn in one or two sectors.2. Equity Linked Saving Schemes (ELSS):These schemes generally offer tax rebates to the investor under section 88 of the Income Tax law. These schemes generally diversify the equity risk by investing in a wider array of stocks across sectors. ELSS is usually considered a variant of diversified equity scheme but with a tax friendly offer3. Sectoral Fund/ Industry Specific schemes:Industry Specific Schemes invest only in the industries specified in the offer document. The investment of these funds is limited to specific industries like InfoTech, FMCG, and Pharmaceuticals etc. These are ideal for investors who have already decided to invest in particular sector or segment. Sectoral Funds tend to have a very high risk-reward ratio and investors should be careful of putting all their eggs in one basket.CONCLUSION:In the current scenario, investing is very important and investing in stock markets is a major challenge ever for professionals. The young people should start investing earlier so that they can reap the benefits of investing in future. People should keep their eye open and keep updating themselves about various investment avenues so that they can get safe returns. BIBILIOGRAPHY: 1. Anjan Chakrabarti and Harsh Rungta, 2000, â€Å"Mutual Funds Industry in India :An in-depth look into the problems of credibility, Risk and Brand† ,The ICFAI Journal of Applied Finance, Vol.6, No.2, April, 27-45. 2. Bhalla V.K., Investment Management, S.Chand & Company Ltd., Eleventh Edition, 2004 3. Bodie, Kane, Marcus â€Å"Security Analysis and Portfolio Management†, 5th edition Tata Mc Graw hill publications. 4. Customer Orientation in Designing Mutual Fund Products, -An Analytical Approach to Indian Market Preferences, Dr Tapan K Panda, Faculty Member, Indian Institute of Management, Lucknow. 5. FISHER AND JORDEN (2000): Security analysis and portfolio management, Prentice hall. 6. L.M.BHOLE (2005) : Financial institutions and market, Tata Mcgraw – hill. 7. Preparatory Books For AMFI Exam ;NJ Investment India Pvt. Ltd. Edition June ’09 8. Review Of Marketing Research, Volume 5: K. Naresh Malhotra: 9. V.A.AVADHANI (2006): Security analysis and portfolio management, Himalaya publishing house. 6thEdition. |